October 24, 2012
God Chooses A King
1st Samuel 9:1-10:27
I Acquiring a King 9:1-27
A. Searching for Donkeys 1-14
B. Finding a King 15-27
II Anointing a King 10:1-27
A. Saul is Anointed 1-8
B. Signs are Fulfilled 9-16
C. Saul is Chosen
In the eleventh century, King Henry III of Bavaria grew tired of court life and the pressures of being a monarch. So, he went to Prior Richard at the local monastery, and made a petition to be accepted as a monk, so that he could spend the rest of his life in silence and service to God there.
"Your Majesty," said Prior Richard, "do you understand that the pledge here, is one of obedience? That will be hard for you, because you've been a king.
"I understand," said Henry, "The rest of my life I will be obedient to you, as Christ leads you."
"Then I will tell you what to do," said Prior Richard. "Go back to your throne and serve faithfully, in the place where God has put you." And King Henry did.
When King Henry died, a statement was written, "The king learned to rule, by being obedient."
When we step outside of God's perfect will, and ask Him for something that we think we want, or, that we think we have to have, and He gives it to us; or when we are called to a task or a job that we didn't ask for or we didn't seek;
or, we're given a task that gets thrust upon us, out of necessity; or, when we tire of our roles and responsibilities----- it helps to remember, that God is always in control, no matter what, and that He will plant us in certain places, for specific purposes.
We need to remember, that when God calls us to a place, that He wants us to be in that place, the best that we can be, for as long as He needs us there-----and He wants us to make sure, as much as it is in our power to, to try to be a blessing to everybody, and an example of Him, while we're there. The Lord doesn't expect us to be perfect, and He doesn't expect us to never get weary, and He doesn't expect us to understand everything------ but He does expect us to be to be obedient, to His call, and to be faithful to His guidance. (This story shows that Samuel is obedient to God and that Saul is obedient to his father and to Samuel, which in the beginning of his reign, will lead Saul to be faithful to God))
The Israelites had looked around, and had seen that the surrounding nations had a monarchy, for their government---- with the power invested in one man----a human leader who led them into battle and whose word was law. To the Israelites, that type of government appeared to be tangible and real and concrete. But they were supposed to be different, their government was a theocracy----they had been chosen by God; they were sustained by God; and they were ruled by God. He led them into battle; He judged them; and His word was law, and He had called them to be His people.
But as a people, they had chosen to reject His kingship and to jump on the same bandwagon, as the surrounding nations. But God loved them so much, and in His mercy, He was prepared to give them the king they wanted.
And He didn't take His hand off of them----- God being God, hand-picked the man that He wanted to work through---- and He orchestrated every single detail, which set Saul up, as Israel's leader. And He dictated, through Samuel, the rules that the king and the Israelites would have to be obedient to, if they wanted to insure His favor. We are going to see, from this point forward, how even when they stepped out of His perfect will, He didn't turn away from them. He let them step into His permissive will, and continued to bless and work through His people, in a gracious, and righteous and mighty way.
I Acquiring A King
A. Searching for Donkeys 1-14
Chapters 9 and 10, record the appointment of Saul, as the reluctant ruler over Israel. This is where he was anointed 1st, privately, by Samuel, and then presented, publicly, to the Israelites, as their prince. And, it's where they named him their king, in a moment of patriotic pride and high emotion. I think that Saul might have been reluctant, at first, because the call to the job, seemed to come out of nowhere, out of the crystal clear blue sky. The people had been clamoring for a human king and God had decided to give one to them, but what they didn't know was, that He had decided to give them one of His choosing. We know from the scripture, that giving them a king, was not God's best for them, but we can clearly see, in every single word of this story, the truth, that all things---- not just some, not just a few, not just when it's convenient for God, not just when the chips or down and the storm clouds gather, and not just when everything seems to be sunshine and laughter----but all things, are under the control of Sovereign God, who directs and orchestrates every single detail of our lives, to their appointed end.
Saul appeared in the pages of scripture, as a young man who was brimming with good health and good looks and a presence about him, that God, would use, to command respect and authority, from the Israelites and from their surrounding Canaanite enemies. His genealogy shows that he came from a respected, responsible and wealthy family. The fact that he was from the tribe of Benjamin, the smallest of the 12 tribes, was a strategic move on God's part----because a leader, chosen from the Benjamin tribe, wouldn't threaten the established prestige, and it wouldn't ruffle the feathers of the 2 strongest tribes, Judah, in the south and Ephraim, in the north. If a ruler had been elected from either one of those 2 tribes, he would have had trouble, in enlisting the allegiance ,of the other big powerhouse.
The private anointing of Saul took place while he was searching the hill country for his father's lost donkeys. Donkeys were important in that culture----they were the pick-up trucks of that time period---and their loss would have created a hardship on Saul's family, even though they appear to have been very rich. The search for the donkeys, took Saul north, from his home at Gibeah, which was about 3 miles north of Jerusalem, through many little towns, that don't exist any more, in a circuitous route, back through Benjamite territory to Ramah, the hometown of Samuel.
( I think its significant to make a note, that Samuel, was living, in his hometown. It was the place he left from and came back to, on his circuit-preaching and people-judging journeys---- I think that, that maybe, this means that Hannah and Elkanah got to spend time with Samuel, after he was an adult, that they didn't get, during his growing up years.
I hope that they got to experience first hand, the joy, of the fruit of His labor, and the blessing of the sacrifice that they had made, in giving him back to God.
God is good to us that way-----many times, the reward He gives us, for being obedient, is to give us the desires of our heart, in a way, that is for better, than we could ever have imagined or orchestrated for ourselves. Seeing our children walk in the ways of the Lord and witnessing their service to Him, is the greatest blessing to a mother's heart.
We work so hard, in the years that we have them under our rooftops, guiding them through the training ground----it is pure joy, to see them walking, sure-footed and uncompromisingly, even though, sometimes, with trepidation, through the proving ground, on the path that God has laid out for them.
And not just when they're at church, but in the lives they show to the world, on an everyday basis----(this summer, our son, Griff was doing an internship, at a company in Charlotte. One of the directors of the company wanted to spend time with him, to get to know him----so, he picked him up at 7 am, on a Sunday morning, to go skeet shooting. Which at first, doesn't sound very good------but the best thing about it was---- they went that early, so that they could both be back in time for church!
That story speaks volumes to me, about Griff's witness, and about the director's----I was very proud of Griff, in the Lord, and I have continued to thank God for his witness.
And in the same way, I hope that Hannah lived long enough, to see her boy come back home and serve the Lord with his whole heart.)
I think its important to realize that Saul was a very obedient young man and that he was very loyal to his father----scripture doesn't tell us that he whined or complained, about having to go out after, those donkeys. We just know that he did and that he searched for 3 days, before he mentioned giving up and going home. And even at that point, it seems like he was more concerned, about being the cause of his father's worry, than he was frustrated, with the loss of the donkeys.
Later on in the story, Saul did hear, from the men at Rachel's tomb, that his father was worried about him---That speaks to me, of a special relationship between the two of them. Unfortunately, we have no way of knowing if his concern about his father's worry over their absence, was a sign of love and respect for him, or just an excuse to go home. I personally think, that it was love for his father, because he hadn't hesitated to obey him, and go on the thankless journey in the first place. Saul was a grown man, he didn't have to fulfill his father's wishes---I think that he chose to. But, no matter what his reasoning was, Saul had been given a task to accomplish, and he needed to do everything he could to see it completed. He was fortunate that he had his servant there to spur him on.
How long will we stick with a task that God has called us to? Even a task, like Saul's, that was impossible from the start. Saul would never have found those donkeys. God didn't intend for him to. God had another plan---the donkey search was just a means of leading Saul to the place, where God wanted him to be. Do we continue doggedly on, till He tells us to stop? or do we quit, when the going gets tough? or the search seems futile with no end in sight?
I think Saul was very willing to do his father's bidding, until his lack of success took his focus off of his goal. We need to be willing to see our human failures and lack of success and unanswered prayer, as the means and the vehicle, for the Lord to work in a mightier way than we can imagine. Sometimes at the bottom of a pit of failure, is where the Lord will meet us and reveal Himself to us, like he never has before. He'll tie a knot, in the end of the robe that He throws down to us, and then He'll pull us up, to a mountain-top of success, that is beyond our wildest imaginings.
Regardless of our motivation, the bottom line, is that we just have to be so careful, that we don't get distracted and lose sight of the goal, that's at the end of the big picture-----because, in the end, God's got a plan and there is no room for coincidence in that plan----God uses everything in our lives----the good, the bad and the ugly, to accomplish His plan. He also uses other people, like he did Saul's servant, to help keep us on the right path----sometimes, our encouragers are our greatest treasures. Our heavenly Father, would rather have us as willing participates, rather than reluctant bystanders, but He will take us and use us, any way that He can get us.
Saul is introduced to us, significantly, as a young man who knew how to be obedient to authority. I think that's why God chose him----not just because he was handsome and popular and could entice people to follow him, and not because of anything he'd done-----I think it was because Saul, was so willing to follow authority, in the little things, that God knew that would prove that he could follow authority, in the big things too----I think God knew, that Saul would follow and go where he was told to, by Samuel, which was ultimately, following God's own voice.
This is an important characteristic for a king, who was not going to be the authority, but who was going to be under the authority, of God Almighty. Unfortunately, we're going to see, later, how pride and arrogance, and lack of judgement, and lack of spiritual insight and maybe, even lack of intelligence, got the better of Saul, and he chose to go his own way, forfeiting a deep relationship with the Lord.
But in the beginning, Saul was a young man who had been given much, and from whom, much was going to be required------and He seemed to be up to the task.
Failing in the search for the donkeys, Saul's servant suggested that they go in search for the well-known prophet, who lived in the vicinity. They thought he would be able to give them some clues about where to keep looking. We know the prophet they were looking for, was Samuel, and it is clear, that God had led them every step of the way. ( I don't believe that there is anything in our lives that comes our way, that isn't first filtered though the Lord's nail-scarred hands----I think He uses everything, as a way to draw us closer to Him and to His will.) The sovereignty of God is very apparent, in this passage.
God was clearly directing the circumstances that brought Saul to Samuel, there in Ramah.
* the Israelites wanted a man, to be their king
* Saul's father Kish, lost his donkeys
* Saul's search for the donkeys was unsuccessful
* Saul's servant just happened to have a gift for the prophet. The priests had no way of supporting themselves---they owned no land and no businesses----so the people had to take care of them, by giving them honorariums and tithes----I don't think Saul was using his lack of having one, as an excuse, I think he was a respectful young man, whose good manners, truly wouldn't let him approach a man of God, without a gift.
But, we do need to be aware of the fact, that we use not having a gift, as an excuse, sometimes, when God calls us to a task. We think we don't have anything to offer, or we think we don't know what to say or we think we don't have enough Bible knowledge to make a difference-----but one of the basic principles of being a child of God is, that God loves to use the very fact that we have nothing, so that He can equip us, for the task He calls us to, with exactly what He wants us to use, to complete the job.
* they ran into the women at the well who told them that Samuel was in town
* the man they ran into at the city gate to ask directions to Samuel's house, was Samuel, Himself.
* and God had already told Samuel that Saul was coming and to be prepared for him---and then He pointed him out when Saul got there
Nothing was happenstance, God had orchestrated it all---as He does in the mundane things of our lives too. When we take our focus off of ourselves and put them on Him----and give Him credit and glory for all things, its nothing short of a miracle. What a blessing and an encouragement and a relief it is, to know that we can rest in God's control.
B. A King is Found 15-27
God had prepared Samuel for his encounter with Saul, the day before, by telling him to be ready to anoint Israel's ruler-----and then by whispering in his ear, that Saul was the one, when they came face to face.
Samuel authenticated himself to Saul, by letting him and the servant know, that his father's donkeys had been found, before they could even ask about them. Samuel hinted, in pretty strong words, that Saul had a different destiny, staring him in the face, than he had ever thought about, by saying, that "Saul and his family were the desire of Israel." Saul's evident surprise, and his self-deprecating words, in the face of Samuel's greeting, seem to show us, that being king over Israel, is the farthest thing from Saul's mind.
A burning desire and ambition to be king, more than anything else, would have disqualified him from the position. God wanted Saul to claim the role and the task and the position, with no preconceived ideas, or ambition, so that he would have to trust God and look, only to Him for direction, through Samuel. God, was looking for Saul----Saul was just looking for some lost donkeys----but the two searches connected and God's will was done.
The day must have just gotten stranger and stranger for Saul------he must have been so surprised to find himself seated at the head of, what most theologians think, was a family celebration, which required a priest to preside over it, too oversee the sacrifice that they gave, in thanksgiving for some one or some thing.
The banquet must have taken place in a room that was somehow connected to what they called the" high place". The "high place" was an elevated place of worship and sacrifice, located on a hill or a high place or on an artificial platform. The custom was essentially a Canaanite one, but Israel used the same kind of places, for their worship, too, with God's blessing, before the Temple was constructed.
At the banquet, Saul was given a huge portion of the sacrifice that was usually reserved for the priest---- Samuel wanted to make sure that Saul got it, in such a way, that honored him above the other guests. Then Saul went home with Samuel, to spend the night, in hospitable comfort. Scripture says that they had a private conversation the next morning, when Samuel woke him up, before he sent him on the road toward home.
Saul entered his new place in history indirectly, unselfconsciously and I think, with no hidden agendas. We don't know how well Saul knew about the things of the Lord, at this point, because he didn't seem to know who Samuel was----but God, though Samuel, gave him a crash course in understanding.
Regardless of what happened later in his reign and in his life, Saul's journey with the Lord started out with promise and possibility and obedience. He was looking for his father's donkeys, but it turned out, that he was the one being looked for. After 3 days of aimless, unguided and unsuccessful hunting, he, was himself found, by someone who wasn't out searching for him, but was just, simply waiting, for him to show up. Saul got frustrated with his search on his own, and so he trusted the wisdom of his servant, to look for spiritual guidance, and when he did, he found, not only the answer that he was looking for, but one that was far deeper and far richer and brought him much closer to God, than he'd ever been before.
Scripture makes it very clear, that even though an earthly king, was the last thing that God wanted for His people--- when it became apparent, that the Israelites would settle for nothing less, God, engineered the process of selection, in the most minute of details. Saul was looking for the donkeys in all the wrong places, and Israel was looking for their king in all the wrong places. But God, in his mercy and His sovereignty was still in control. What are we looking for, in all the wrong places, that we need to be looking to God for? Whatever it is, that we're fretting over, right now----we need to stop, wherever we are, and wait, until we here the Lord telling us which way to go, and what to do when we get there. He already has the plan worked out----we don't need to wander aimlessly----we just need to listen for his voice and then, obey it.(Isaiah 30:21---("You will be walking down the road to the right or the left, and you will hear a voice behind you saying, this is the way, walk in it")
II Acquiring a King
A. Saul is Anointed 1-8
The next morning, Samuel sent Saul on his way home, and told him to wait 7 days, for him at Gilgal, and then he would come and tell him, what he needed to do next. But first, he anointed him with oil, and kissed him, and told him that he was to be the ruler, over God's people. To be anointed with oil, in biblical times, signified, that whatever was being anointed---whether it was a person or an object, was being set apart for service to God. The anointing of a ruler, was actually a religious act, that established a special relationship between God and the king, making the king, God's representative to His people. It was a symbol of the Holy Spirit, being poured out onto Saul's head, symbolizing the power and presence of God, in his life.
The fact that Samuel didn't use the word, king, but used the word prince or ruler, instead, is significant. It wasn't an accident-----God was making it clear, that Saul was being brought to a position of leadership, in the way that God wanted him to be brought there. The term "king", would be used later, as a title, for the ruler of Israel----- but by putting it off for as long as possible, we are able to see, the-behind-the-scenes action, that God used in His selection, of the proper ruler for Israel. And we're able to see the way that He prepared Saul to be presented to the people, so that they would accept him, as their choice, to lead them----and it also shows us how God works behind-the-scenes, in our lives, too, on a personal, national, and global level, to bring about His perfect and permissive will, in every situation.
When Samuel kissed Saul, I think it shows Samuel's faith in God and his faith in Saul, to be obedient in what he was being called by God to do, and it was an acknowledgment of God's blessing on Saul, as His chosen one.
This was a radical moment, in Israel's history----God had given them their first king, but nobody but Samuel and Saul knew about it.
In our world, we are so tuned in and trained, by the media, to notice even the most insignificant of things, as significant, in a blaze of flashbulbs-----that we miss, most, of what really makes history. But the God-moments----the real moments, of the only history that matters, are moments of obedient faith and faithful prayer----which characteristically take place, in obscurity, inaccessible to anybody, unless they have the eyes and heart to see them.
Before he could be presented as Israel's king, Saul had to be prepared-----his heart had to be prepared to receive the task, that God was calling him to. God will never call one of His children to a task and then expect them to obey Him, until He has prepared them for it, first. He's not going to send us out unarmed and uninformed and clueless-----we would never do that to one of our children, and He loves us, infinitely more, than we can even comprehend, loving our children.
If Saul was going to wear kingship well, it needed to be more than a role that was hung on him, like a suit of ill-fitting clothes. At first He must have been blown out of the water; sacred to death of Samuel and his words, fighting a strong desire, to flee as far as he could, from what was being pressed on him. So he needed some material signs that would validate Samuel's words and his actions, and he needed a deep change in his heart, that would make it possible for him to understand himself, and what he was being called to, not in human terms, but in God's terms.
Samuel promised him 3 signs, to affirm in Saul's heart, the truth of everything he'd been told, about it being God's hand, that was on him, and God's call, that he was supposed to answer and obey.
The signs were impressed upon Saul, in such detail, that there could be no doubt, that God was orchestrating the whole thing, because they were every one fulfilled, down to the most minute detail, just like Samuel had prophesied.
But that's how God is, He is a God of order and certainty, not a God of chaos and doubt.
The 3 signs were:
* he would have an encounter with 2 men at Rachel's tomb who would tell him that the donkeys had been found. And he did.
* he would have an encounter with 3 men holding 3 goats and a skin of wine, at the Oak of Tabor, who would give him 2 loaves of bread, from the 3 that they were carrying. And he did.
* he would have an encounter with a company of prophets, singing prophetic messages, accompanied by a rhythm band, playing very specific instruments. And he would start singing and prophesying with them. And he did.
Samuel told Saul, that when these signs were fulfilled, he could do whatever the occasion demanded, because God would be with him, and then he instructed him to go to Gilgal, and wait there until Samuel could join him, in 7 days time, and then, he would tell him what to do.
B. Signs are Fulfilled 9-16
God didn't wait, till after the 3 signs, to change Saul on the inside. As he walked from Samuel-----God made him on the inside what Samuel had made him on the outside----a person set aside for God, to be used by Him, for the kingdom.
It's funny that the elders said that they wanted a king, "like other nations", because even though they got their king, he was nothing like the kings of the other nations. He was chosen by God, not the people, he was anointed in secret, not by public ceremony, he was going to be guided by one priest, not by a counsel of elders, and his authority was not going to come from his own prowess and strength, but was going to come from God's own hand.
It's significant that he first came to public notice, in association with prophets, whose primary identity was associated with God, in worship and praise. The identification stuck, because a proverb was created from the questions, "is Saul among the prophets?" and "who is their father?" which is believed, by most theologians, to mean, that true prophets don't have their prophetic gift by virtue of birth or natural talent or learned behavior, they have it because it has been given to them, by God's sovereign will. God can give any gift, including the gift of prophecy, to anybody He wants to. So this verse seems to be implying, so that everybody could hear and see and understand, that God had chosen Saul and that the gift was a sign of that choice.
I think that it is wonderful, and a continuing encouragement, that God never takes His hand off of His own, in that He gave to Israel, a ruler, who was far more like His own prophets, than he was the rulers of other nations. Because, In the long run, Saul had to deal with God, far more than he had to deal with the rulers of competing nations. Its the same way for us-----there is nothing in our lives, that does not come back to our relationship with God, nothing----everything we are, and everything we do and everything that we face----all comes down, to where we are, in our relationship with Him. When God answers our prayers----and He always does, with yes, no, or wait------the answers are rarely on our terms-----they are always on God's terms----and we always get more and better(even if it isn't to our immediate liking) than we bargained for. We have got to learn to depend on His sovereignty, no matter what is going on around us---- He is always in control.
When Saul got back home, he explained to his uncle part of what had happened and where he had been, but he didn't say anything about what had transpired between God and Samuel and himself. Because we have the full scripture, and we know that Saul doesn't stay true to his calling, I think that gives the commentators, free reign with their judgement about Saul's silence and his initial hide-and-seek behavior------but I don't think that's the right attitude for us to have, yet. I think Saul was scared and he was reluctant, but I think he was obedient in the beginning.
I think he was doing what Samuel told him to do and was waiting for him to get there, before he told anybody about what was happening to him. How many of us have been in the exact same place----we're willing to be used by God, we know that He's called us to a task, but we're scared, or we feel inadequate or we sense barriers in front of us-----we might be reluctant, but we're not disobedient----this reluctance comes from human pride and human fear and human lack of trust in God, to bring to fruition what He says He will. Sometimes, all we need is for one person, to acknowledge us, to give us a pat on the back, to pray for us or to go with us.
(Last year, when Stephanie and Jennifer ask me to speak at the Ladies Retreat-----I immediately said yes, I knew that was what the Lord had told me to do----there was no question---but I was scared to death-----I had never spoken in front of that many people before; I was going to have to be prepared to speak 5 times; and I was responsible for every word that I would say------it took me days before I told anybody and weeks before I started asking people to pray for me. I wasn't ashamed and I wasn't really even reluctant, I was just scared, which in truth was nothing more than, choosing to focus on myself instead of being focused on God. Stephanie and Jennifer and many other people were praying for me and supporting me and encouraging me,and that helped me to be able to step up and step out and complete the task that God had called me to…)
C. Saul is Chosen 17-27
I wonder if that was what was going on with Saul? I think he needed Samuel to come and redirect his focus on the Lord and to to boost his confidence. Which is exactly, what Samuel did. He called a meeting of the tribes at Mizpah so that he could publicly present Saul to them, as their divinely chosen ruler.
Before he announced Saul though, he reminded them one more time, that their independent attitude, demanding an earthly king, was basically, a rejection of God, as their king------but that God was willing to give them what they wanted------it wasn't His best for them, but He was going to allow it, and they would wind up having to deal with the consequences. We can't help but see the gospel, in this story-----the remarkable truth is, that God didn't reject the people, even though they rejected Him. He stayed with them through the entire process-----He did what He promised, and didn't leave them or forsake them and He proved that once they were His, they were always His.
Samuel used the age-old casting of lots to bring God's choice of Saul, into the light. Although the procedure sometimes varied----the priest would use the Urim and Thumim----which were two flat stones, that he carried, and were used to determine God's will by asking yes and no questions. God had instructed them during the Exodus, (Exodus 28:30) that when they cast the Lots, if the stone fell on no, then God was saying no, and if it fell on yes, then God was saying yes. (in Psalm 103:19 says "The lot is cast into the lap, but its every decision is from the Lord.)
They were used, to select the scapegoat, on the Day of Atonement, and they were used to divide the land after the conquest of Canaan, and they were used to determine the guilt of suspected criminals. The principle, underlying the casting of lots, was, that God is sovereign over all human business. What appeared to be chance was really a part of God's sovereign design. Lot casting was used prior to the permanent indwelling of the holy Spirit, in the hearts of believers. Since Pentecost, believers are guided by the indwelt Holy Spirit, so there isn't any more need for the casting of lots.
Samuel called for all the tribes and clans to present themselves and then he started to cast the lots, for who would be king. The lots narrowed down to the tribe of Benjamin, then they narrowed down to the clan of Matrite, and then they narrowed down, to the family of Kish, and then finally, they narrowed down to Saul------, but, bless his heart, he was no where to be found.
And, ironically, the people who had badgered God for a king, had to turn to Him in prayer, and ask God to find the one, who had been chosen. And God did.
When Samuel presented him, the people went wild and started shouting, for the first time, "Long live the King." Then, Samuel wrote down the ordinances of the kingdom which were probably the laws, from Deuteronomy 17:14-20, which had already been written, regulating the activities of the king, that God had always known they would ask for.
After the ceremony at Mizpah Saul went back home to Gibeah, to get ready for battle with the Philistines. Gibeah served as the first capitol of the nation of Israel. As the Israelites's first king, Saul had active supporters---most people jumped on the bandwagon of joy, that having an earthly king provided them with-----but there were a few grumbling dissenters, as there always are----and they became political enemies-----those worthless men questioned His leadership, and they refused to honor him, in the way they should, but Saul wisely held his peace, so he wouldn't provoke the situation and divide the nation.
This is the very beginning of Israel's experience, of living under their own king----but it will end tragically, 500 years later, when they are taken into Babylonion Captivity. And they never were united as one nation again, until 1948. Which is when they became recognized as a state, in the world's eyes, except, just like it was in the days of the Caananites, by their Palestinian neighbors.
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